Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases are major global public health problems and research on the pathogenesis and targets of this disease is of great significance for clinical treatment. Post-translational modification (PTM) is an important pathway for regulating protein functions, including acylation, phosphorylation, methylation and ubiquitination. PTM is involved in the pathological process of various cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial hypertrophy, heart failure, atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction. Recently, many studies have begun to focus on a protein post-translational modification, protein thiol nitrosylation (S-nitrosylation, SNO), which plays an important role in cardiovascular disease. This review briefly discusses the research progress of the formation and transformation of SNO modification as well as its roles in cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction and other common heart diseases.