Abstract: The human body is prone to hypoxia damage in high altitude areas, which is the primary problem for high-altitude environmental medicine. Although relevant research has been carried out for decades and some impressive results have been achieved, there is still a lack of systematic and effective solutions for the rapid adaptation of the body to the high-altitude hypoxic environment, and the existing drugs cannot meet the requirements of rapid hypoxic adaptation and hypoxic damage prevention. It is of great practical significance to find safe and effective drugs for promoting hypoxic adaptation and reasonable exercise schemes to meet the needs of normal production activities and future wars. The compensatory regulation of the body’s cardiopulmonary system plays an important role in hypoxic environment adaptation. This paper reviews the unique anatomy of the cardiopulmonary system of plateau zokor and bar-headed goose, which can provide some effective reference for improving human hypoxic endurance.