Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) account for the largest proportion in the composition of disease-related deaths among both urban and rural residents. Aerobic exercise is negatively correlated with the risk of CVD and all-cause mortality. Given its convenience, high metabolic efficiency, convenient technical implementation, and high adherence rate, aerobic exercise can serve as an effective means for the prevention and treatment of CVD. The results of clinical trials indicate that long-term aerobic exercise can promote favorable structural and functional cardiovascular adaptations and improve the cardiac function of patients with CVD, thereby reducing the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events. Aerobic exercise can be systematically classified into low, moderate, and high intensities based on metabolic equivalent thresholds, and these different forms of exercise can have distinct impacts on the cardiovascular system. This article reviews the research progress of how aerobic exercise at different intensities affect the cardiovascular system and related diseases, aiming to provide useful references for improving exercise strategies in CVD management.