Abstract: Mitochondrial dynamics shapes the mitochondrial network and contributes to mitochondrial function and quality control. Mitochondrial fusion and fission are directly or indirectly involved in different cellular physiological processes. At present, it has been found that mitochondrial dynamic imbalance is associated with a variety of diseases, which are commonly characterized by mitochondrial dynamic imbalance or structural damage, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction, and ultimately leads to cell death and aggravates the disease process. Therefore, this review intends to discuss the imbalance of mitochondrial dynamics in cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases and nervous system diseases in order to find possible therapeutic targets.