Recent advances in treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become an effective means for the treatment of coronary stenosis. Even with the wild use of drug-eluting stent and drug-coated balloons, restenosis after PCI is an important factor affecting its long-term efficacy and prognosis. In-stent restenosis (ISR) remains a major group of restenosis after PCI, which can lead to the recurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events, including angina, acute myocardial infarction, and even sudden cardiac death. Therefore, focusing again on the therapy of ISR is still of important clinical significance.